<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Von-Neumann-Algebra</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von-Neumann-Algebra"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Von-Neumann-Algebra rootpage-Von-Neumann-Algebra skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Von-Neumann-Algebra</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Eine <b>Von-Neumann-Algebra</b> oder <b>W*-Algebra</b> ist eine mathematische Struktur in der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a>. Historisch beginnt die Theorie der Von-Neumann-Algebren mit den grundlegenden von 1936 bis 1943 erschienenen Arbeiten von <a href="Francis_J._Murray" title="Francis J. Murray">Francis J. Murray</a> und <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> <i>On rings of operators</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Name <i>Von-Neumann-Algebra</i> für derartige Algebren geht auf einen Vorschlag von <a href="Jean_Dieudonn%C3%A9" title="Jean Dieudonné">Jean Dieudonné</a> zurück.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine <i>Von-Neumann-Algebra</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> (benannt nach <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>) oder (mittlerweile veraltet) ein <i>Ring von Operatoren</i> ist eine *-Unter<a href="Algebraische_Struktur" title="Algebraische Struktur">algebra</a> mit Eins der Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba7386cbc9cf326b2d81752b07ddb471fe2f4b49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.843ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> der beschränkten <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">linearen Operatoren</a> eines <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>, die eine (und damit alle) der drei folgenden äquivalenten Bedingungen erfüllt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=A''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=A''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d1db450b2e4d7879df9628a017fb2b3b6b3c3c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.722ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=A''}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">abgeschlossen</a> in der <a href="Starke_Operatortopologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Starke Operatortopologie">starken Operatortopologie</a>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">abgeschlossen</a> in der <a href="Schwache_Operatortopologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwache Operatortopologie">schwachen Operatortopologie</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A':={\bigl \{}x\in L(H)\,|\,\forall a\in A:\,xa=ax{\bigr \}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">{</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">}</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A':={\bigl \{}x\in L(H)\,|\,\forall a\in A:\,xa=ax{\bigr \}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29ae3d242c4f16c9fccbaa135c92d416a6214242.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.579ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A':={\bigl \{}x\in L(H)\,|\,\forall a\in A:\,xa=ax{\bigr \}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Zentralisator" title="Zentralisator">Kommutante</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und entsprechend <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72d00703267032c414d92a0473cad02eefbb8125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A''}" loading="lazy"></span> die Kommutante von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98a12527148d6ed68adc91d9b419eb4b92d58ef6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.428ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A'}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Die Äquivalenz der drei obigen Aussagen nennt man den <i>von Neumannschen Doppelkommutantensatz</i> oder <i>Bikommutantensatz</i>. Diese Aussage kann wie folgt verschärft werden:
</p>
<ul><li>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\subset L(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\subset L(H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba2756dd7ecfcd594b35623d2405f5819397bc6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.297ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\subset L(H)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine *-Unteralgebra mit Eins, so ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72d00703267032c414d92a0473cad02eefbb8125.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A''}" loading="lazy"></span> der Abschluss von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> sowohl in der schwachen als auch in der starken Operatortopologie.</li></ul>
<p>Auch diese Formulierung, die eine Äquivalenz zwischen der rein algebraischen Kommutanten-Bildung und der rein topologischen Dichte-Beziehung bzw. Abschluss-Bildung herstellt, wird als <i>Bikommutantensatz</i> bezeichnet.
Damit erweist sich der Bikommutantensatz als ein Dichtheitssatz. Zusammen mit dem weiteren <a href="Dichtheitssatz_von_Kaplansky" title="Dichtheitssatz von Kaplansky">Dichtheitssatz von Kaplansky</a> stellt er den Ausgangspunkt der Theorie der Von-Neumann-Algebren dar.
</p><p>Eine Von-Neumann-Algebra kann nach einem Satz von <a href="Sh%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Sakai" title="Shōichirō Sakai">Shōichirō Sakai</a> auch abstrakt ohne einen zugrundeliegenden <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> definiert werden:
</p>
<ul><li>Eine Von-Neumann-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine <a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebra</a>, die der topologische <a href="Dualraum" title="Dualraum">Dualraum</a> eines <a href="Banachraum" title="Banachraum">Banachraums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{\star }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⋆<!-- ⋆ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{\star }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d393b38ed13405e4ca34d2d02e825cac68979b54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.324ex; margin-bottom: -0.348ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{\star }}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktoren">Faktoren</h2></div>
<p>Die Von-Neumann-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt Faktor, falls sie eine der beiden folgenden äquivalenten Bedingungen erfüllt:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cap A'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cap A'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dc462a2baed1230d10bbf900b093a8b1ac78a42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.063ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cap A'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cup A'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cup A'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf165fd1567cf7e6f682e4d567883c2fdbda20a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.754ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cup A'}" loading="lazy"></span> erzeugt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba7386cbc9cf326b2d81752b07ddb471fe2f4b49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.843ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Da <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cap A'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cap A'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1647937358df1b7f7bc6789746dcd8395a9bb76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.754ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cap A'}" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge der Operatoren aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist, die mit allen Operatoren aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> kommutieren, ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\cap A'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∩<!-- ∩ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\cap A'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1647937358df1b7f7bc6789746dcd8395a9bb76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.754ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\cap A'}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Zentrum_(Algebra)" title="Zentrum (Algebra)">Zentrum</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>. Faktoren sind daher die Von-Neumann-Algebren mit kleinst möglichem Zentrum.
Man kann Von-Neumann-Algebren als direktes Integral (eine Verallgemeinerung der direkten Summe) von Faktoren darstellen, das heißt, Von-Neumann-Algebren sind in diesem Sinne aus Faktoren zusammengesetzt.
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba7386cbc9cf326b2d81752b07ddb471fe2f4b49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.843ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d3d43c399c2bd55ac63e31667b6216ea4be0e6e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.211ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}" loading="lazy"></span> sind Beispiele für Faktoren. Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ist auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98a12527148d6ed68adc91d9b419eb4b92d58ef6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.428ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A'}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Faktor; offenbar gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a641f611043daf158c3faf4fefd943b1e5b37944.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.45ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\left(H\right)'=\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H})'=L\left(H\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H})'=L\left(H\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b32e706e8e9a6627de308fa39d9b7a23b33dc6c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.646ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathbb {C} \cdot 1_{H})'=L\left(H\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bei den Faktoren können 3 <a href="Typklassifikation_(Von-Neumann-Algebra)#Faktoren,_Dimensionsfunktion" title="Typklassifikation (Von-Neumann-Algebra)">Typen</a>, die <a href="Typ_I_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ I Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ I</a>, <a href="Typ_II_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ II Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ II</a> und <a href="Typ_III_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ III Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ III</a> heißen, unterschieden werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kommutative_Von-Neumann-Algebren">Kommutative Von-Neumann-Algebren</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Abelsche_Von-Neumann-Algebra" title="Abelsche Von-Neumann-Algebra">Abelsche Von-Neumann-Algebra</a></i></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adf33e7c14a603b45a6b69fb0f9d64745b5ffe70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span>-endlicher <a href="Ma%C3%9Fraum" title="Maßraum">Maßraum</a>.
Dann ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77715875611b934a97bd032cfc65ed46c1d1e851.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.517ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Lp-Raum" title="Lp-Raum"><i>L<sup>2</sup></i></a><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adf33e7c14a603b45a6b69fb0f9d64745b5ffe70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Hilbertraum, und jede <a href="Wesentliches_Supremum" title="Wesentliches Supremum">wesentlich beschränkte</a> Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\in L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\in L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8ae92989545d2e49cd4fe01be3e90ed0ad54d75f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.507ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\in L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert via Multiplikation einen Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{f}\in L(H),M_{f}(g):=f\cdot g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{f}\in L(H),M_{f}(g):=f\cdot g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26cfd2b6cf899b5665b3f1acca016504528d6897.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.856ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{f}\in L(H),M_{f}(g):=f\cdot g}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Die Menge aller <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be53b2e05e15a7c85c9be0f4ba32d7f3ef28b98b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.39ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine kommutative Von-Neumann-Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\subset L(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\subset L(H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0dafe2c2c131c817dc0406755763a37a2869d75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.345ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\subset L(H)}" loading="lazy"></span>, und die Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\mapsto M_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\mapsto M_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6065780e574b70d6aa3e372581ab89e1ad7f0c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.283ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\mapsto M_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein *-<a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )\to {\mathcal {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">X</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )\to {\mathcal {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06dac61f3db218ca51cf2b91e98484677c03a262.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.793ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{\infty }(X,{\mathfrak {X}},\mu )\to {\mathcal {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Man kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}'={\mathcal {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}'={\mathcal {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc53ee14d18e7c7f1db28e083505b327e57dabb0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.364ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}'={\mathcal {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zeigen, das heißt, die Algebra <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cc2abebd45ec020509a0ec548b67c9a2cb7cecd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.791ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> stimmt mit ihrem Kommutanten überein.
Keine echte Oberalgebra kann daher kommutativ sein, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cc2abebd45ec020509a0ec548b67c9a2cb7cecd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.791ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist also eine maximale kommutative Von-Neumann-Algebra.
</p><p>Betrachtet man speziell den Maßraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ([0,1],{\mathcal {B}},\lambda )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">B</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ([0,1],{\mathcal {B}},\lambda )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c1d7a4458b08c63d4861f7f1d3dbe4ad0bed0d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.428ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ([0,1],{\mathcal {B}},\lambda )}" loading="lazy"></span> (Einheitsintervall mit dem <a href="Lebesgue-Ma%C3%9F" title="Lebesgue-Maß">Lebesgue-Maß</a>), so kann man zeigen, dass der Bikommutant von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{M_{f};\,f\in C([0,1])\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>;</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{M_{f};\,f\in C([0,1])\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f69390c4aab6882a7ffe76cfcefb6a7bbed28c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.484ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{M_{f};\,f\in C([0,1])\}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\cong L^{\infty }([0,1])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\cong L^{\infty }([0,1])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0697b5ad8fe59a03d4e1f6a216b9df2125cb542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}\cong L^{\infty }([0,1])}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenfällt.
Der Übergang vom topologischen Konstrukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C([0,1])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C([0,1])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44211c4c325ea7edb9462e7ccecda09841a41216.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.228ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C([0,1])}" loading="lazy"></span> zum maßtheoretischen Konstrukt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{\infty }([0,1])}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{\infty }([0,1])}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/302c9594d17426c49c363bb2eaa3fd7febca1a73.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{\infty }([0,1])}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht dem Übergang von C*-Algebren zu Von-Neumann-Algebren.
Während man bei C*-Algebren wegen des <a href="Satz_von_Gelfand-Neumark" title="Satz von Gelfand-Neumark">Satzes von Gelfand-Neumark</a> von <i>nicht-kommutativer Topologie</i> spricht, gibt die hier angestellte Betrachtung Anlass, eine Von-Neumann-Algebra als einen nicht-kommutativen Maßraum anzusehen, man spricht daher auch von <i>nicht-kommutativer Maßtheorie</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Jede Von-Neumann-Algebra ist eine <a href="C*-Algebra" title="C*-Algebra">C*-Algebra</a> und somit auch eine <a href="Banachalgebra" title="Banachalgebra">Banachalgebra</a>.
</p><p>Wie sich aus dem <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkter_Borel-Funktionalkalk%C3%BCl" title="Beschränkter Borel-Funktionalkalkül">beschränkten Borel-Funktionalkalkül</a> ergibt, enthalten Von-Neumann-Algebren sehr viele <a href="Orthogonalprojektion" title="Orthogonalprojektion">Orthogonalprojektionen</a>; jeder Operator ist in der <a href="Normtopologie" title="Normtopologie">Normtopologie</a> Limes von <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombinationen</a> von Orthogonalprojektionen.
Dies ist ein wesentlicher Unterschied zu den C*-Algebren, die, wie das Beispiel <a href="Funktionenraum" title="Funktionenraum">C([0,1])</a> zeigt, neben 0 und 1 keine weiteren Projektionen enthalten müssen.
Man kann aus der Menge der Projektionen einen <a href="Verband_(Mathematik)" title="Verband (Mathematik)">Verband</a> konstruieren;
die Struktur dieses Verbandes wird zur <a href="Typklassifikation_(Von-Neumann-Algebra)" title="Typklassifikation (Von-Neumann-Algebra)">Typklassifikation</a> der Von-Neumann-Algebren herangezogen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Typ_I_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ I Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ I Von-Neumann-Algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Typ_II_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ II Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ II Von-Neumann-Algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Typ_III_Von-Neumann-Algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Typ III Von-Neumann-Algebra">Typ III Von-Neumann-Algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="Tomita-Takesaki-Theorie" title="Tomita-Takesaki-Theorie">Tomita-Takesaki-Theorie</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Jacques_Dixmier" title="Jacques Dixmier">Jacques Dixmier</a>: <i>Von Neumann algebras</i>. North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam u. a. 1981 (North-Holland Mathematical Library, Band. 27), ISBN 0-444-86308-7.</li>
<li><a href="Richard_Kadison" title="Richard Kadison">R.V. Kadison</a>, <a href="John_Ringrose" title="John Ringrose">J. R. Ringrose</a>: <i>Fundamentals of the Theory of Operator Algebras</i>. Band I und II, Academic Press 1983, ISBN 0-123-93301-3 bzw. 1986, ISBN 0-123-93302-1</li>
<li><a href="Sh%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Sakai" title="Shōichirō Sakai">Shôichirô Sakai</a>: <i>C*-Algebras and W*-Algebras</i>. Springer, Berlin u. a. 1971 (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Band. 60) ISBN 3-540-05347-6 (Nachdruck. ebenda 1998, ISBN 3-540-63633-1).</li>
<li><a href="Jacob_T._Schwartz" title="Jacob T. Schwartz">Jacob T. Schwartz</a>: <i>W*-Algebras.</i> Gordon & Breach, New York NY u. a. 1967.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators.</i> Ann. of Math. (2), Band 37, 1936, Seiten 116–229.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators II.</i> Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., Band 41, 1937, Seiten 208–248</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F.J. Murray, J. von Neumann: <i>On rings of operators IV.</i> Ann. of Math. (2), Band 44, 1943, Seiten 716–808.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsletter of the EMS, Juni 2009, Interview mit Jacques Dixmier, Seite 36</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4388395-3">4388395-3</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2024-09-17" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Von-Neumann-Algebra&oldid=248670045">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>